Who was Marcus Garvey and what movement did he lead?

Marcus Garvey was a significant figure in the early 20th-century African American freedom struggle, known for leading the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). His movement emphasized the importance of black pride, economic independence, and the promotion of African culture and identity. Garvey advocated for the unification of people of African descent worldwide, challenging the prevailing narratives of racial inferiority.

The UNIA organized conferences, established businesses, and even launched the Black Star Line, a shipping company intended to facilitate trade and travel among people of African descent. Garvey's emphasis on Pan-Africanism and self-determination inspired many future civil rights leaders and movements.

The other options mischaracterize Garvey’s contributions and affiliations. For instance, environmental activism is not associated with him, nor is he linked to the NAACP, an organization founded by other leaders in response to systemic racism. Additionally, he was not a proponent of women's rights nor based in Europe. His legacy remains pivotal in understanding the evolution of black nationalism and identity politics in the United States and beyond.